Apparatus for dispersing impact forces

ABSTRACT

A system for mitigating an impact force is provided. The system includes a device having a first layer, a second layer, and an intervening member. The intervening member is suspended between the first and second layers via a first biasing member. A first portion of a force initially received by the first layer is transferred to the intervening member. A fraction of the force transferred to the intervening member is returned to the first layer, the fraction returned to the first layer being less than the force received by the first layer. A second portion of the force initially received by the first layer is partially transferred to the second layer, the second portion being less than the initial force received by the first layer.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.61/928,687, filed Jan. 17, 2014 and is a continuation-in-part of U.S.application Ser. No. 14/310,899, filed Jun. 20, 2014, which claimspriority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/988,024, filed May 2,2014 and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No.14/188,303, filed Feb. 24, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,789,818, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/796,170, filed Mar.12, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,695,955, the disclosures of which areincorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

Impact forces received upon particular materials may compromise theintegrity of the material and the purpose for which it is used. Forexample, glass is an amorphous solid material that is used extensivelyin everyday life. However, glass products such as automobile windshieldsand home windows are particularly prone to encounter debris that mayresult in some degree of cracking, chipping, or even shattering(collectively “breakage”). Rocks are often encountered by automobiletires and projected at following traffic, and lawn mowers may similarlypropel debris at windows (and especially those that are adjacent theground). While manufacturing advancements have been made to improve theresilience of glass products, such improved products may be undesirablyexpensive and may nevertheless still be susceptible to breakage.Further, those manufacturing advancements do not aid existing productsthat were made with older technology.

Additionally, impact forces received upon persons may have harmfulconsequences. For example, a tackle in the NFL can produce up to 1600pounds of force on a player's body. Matt Higgins, “Football Physics: TheAnatomy of a Hit,” Popular Mechanics, Dec. 9, 2009,http://www.popularmechanics.com/outdoors/sports/physics/4212171. A hitlike this can cause a player's head to accelerate in his helmet at 30 to60 g's. At 100 g's, a player will be out with a concussion. It hasbecome increasingly important in sports for players to wear the bestprotective gear possible with the rising numbers of sports-relatedinjuries, such as concussion. However, while advancements in sports gearhave improved the safety of the game, players remain susceptible to headinjuries where the impact force upon the player is greater than theforce that the equipment can absorb.

Other types of helmets may also receive impacts, such as hard hats.Dispersion of impact forces acting upon these helmets may similarly bedesirable.

Some embodiments set forth herein may inhibit glass breakage withoutrequiring any changes to how the glass is manufactured. Otherembodiments set forth herein may be incorporated in the glassmanufacturing process as an alternative, or enhancement, to otheranti-breakage technologies. Still other embodiments set forth herein mayhelp disperse impact forces away from a person's body to prevent orminimize injury.

SUMMARY

The following presents a simplified summary of the invention in order toprovide a basic understanding of some aspects of the invention. Thissummary is not an extensive overview of the invention. It is notintended to identify critical elements of the invention or to delineatethe scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some conceptsof the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detaileddescription that is presented elsewhere.

In one embodiment, an apparatus for inhibiting glass breakage includes ahousing, a contact member, and a biasing member. The housing has acontact end with an aperture, and the contact member is disposed atleast primarily inside the housing. The biasing member biases thecontact member toward the housing aperture. Means for fixing the housingcontact end to a glass surface are further included.

In another embodiment, a method for inhibiting glass breakage beginswith obtaining an apparatus having: (a) a housing having a contact endwith an aperture; (b) a contact member disposed at least primarilyinside the housing; and (c) a biasing member biasing the contact membertoward the housing aperture. The housing contact end is then adhered toa glass item, and impact force is transferred from the glass item to thebiasing member via the contact member.

In still another embodiment, a glass product includes a sheet of glassand an apparatus for inhibiting glass breakage. The apparatus forinhibiting glass breakage includes: (a) a housing having a contact endwith an aperture; (b) a contact member disposed at least primarilyinside the housing; and (c) a biasing member biasing the contact membertoward the housing aperture. The housing contact end is coupled to thesheet of glass, and the contact member rests upon the sheet of glass forreceiving an impact force from the sheet of glass.

In yet another embodiment, a glass product includes a first sheet ofglass, a second sheet of glass laminated to the first sheet of glass,and an apparatus for inhibiting glass breakage. The second sheet ofglass has an opening therein, and the apparatus for inhibiting glassbreakage includes: (a) a housing having a contact end with a firstaperture; (b) a first contact member disposed at least primarily insidethe housing; and (c) a biasing member biasing the first contact membertoward the first aperture. The housing contact end is coupled to atleast one of the first sheet of glass and the second sheet of glass, andthe contact member passes through the opening in the second sheet ofglass and rests upon the first sheet of glass for receiving an impactforce from the first sheet of glass.

In another embodiment, an apparatus for dispersing impact forcesincludes a housing having a contact end with an aperture; a contactmember located at least primarily inside the housing; a biasing memberbiasing the contact member toward the housing aperture; and means forsecuring the housing contact end to a surface. When an impact force isreceived upon the impact receiving surface, the force is at leastpartially transferred to the contact member, which in turn temporarilyalters the biasing member, which subsequently returns the contact memberto an initial position. The return of the contact member imparts asecond force on the impact receiving surface, which is less than theimpact force transferred to the contact member.

In still another embodiment an apparatus for dispersing impact forces isprovided, which includes a base, a rail, a contact member for contactingan impact receiving surface, a first biasing member located between thebase and the rail, and a second biasing member located between the railand the contact member. The first biasing member biases the rail towarda rest position and the second biasing member biases the contact membertoward an initial position at the impact receiving surface. An impactforce received on the impact receiving surface is at least partiallytransferred to the contact member, which temporarily alters the secondbiasing member. The contact member is subsequently returned to theinitial position, which imparts a second force on the impact receivingsurface.

In still yet another embodiment, an apparatus for dispersing impactforces includes a base, a contact member for contacting an impactreceiving surface, and a primary biasing member disposed between thebase and the contact member. The primary biasing member biases thecontact member toward an initial position at the impact receivingsurface. An impact force received on the impact receiving surface is atleast partially transferred to the contact member, which in turntemporarily alters the primary biasing member which subsequently returnsthe contact member to the initial position. The return of the contactmember to the initial position imparts a second force on the impactreceiving surface.

In still a further embodiment, a window product includes a first windowpane, a second window pane, and an apparatus for dispersing impactforces. The apparatus for dispersing impact forces has a base, a contactmember for contacting the first window pane, and a primary biasingmember disposed between the base and the contact member. The primarybiasing member biases the contact member toward an initial position atthe first window pane. An impact force received on the first window paneis at least partially transferred to the contact member, which in turntemporarily alters the primary biasing member which subsequently returnsthe contact member to the initial position. The return of the contactmember to the initial position imparts a second force on the firstwindow pane.

In still another embodiment, an apparatus for dispersing impact forcesis provided which includes a housing having a contact end with anaperture; a contact member located at least primarily inside thehousing; a biasing member biasing the contact member toward the housingaperture; and a sensor. The housing contact end is secured to an impactreceiving surface. The sensor initiates an alert when an impact forcereceived on the impact receiving surface causes the contact member toshift a predetermined distance from an initial position.

Provided in still yet another embodiment is an apparatus for dispersingimpact forces having a base; a contact member for contacting an impactreceiving surface; a biasing member disposed between the base and thecontact member; and a sensor. The biasing member biases the contactmember toward an initial position at the impact receiving surface; andthe sensor initiates an alert when an impact force received on theimpact receiving surface causes the contact member to shift from aninitial position.

In yet another embodiment, a window product includes a window pane andan apparatus for dispersing impact forces. The apparatus for dispersingimpact forces has a base; a contact member positioned to receive forcefrom the window pane; a biasing member disposed between the base and thecontact member; and a sensor. The biasing member biases the contactmember toward an initial position at the window pane. An impact forcereceived on the window pane cause the contact member and the biasingmember to move. The movement of the contact member or the biasing memberactivates the sensor, causing the sensor to initiate an alert.

In still a further embodiment is provided a monitoring system having aninput device, an alarm, a processor, and electronic instructions. Theinput device includes a housing having a contact end with an aperture; acontact member located at least primarily inside the housing; a biasingmember biasing the contact member toward the housing aperture; at leastone sensor; and means for securing the housing contact end to an impactreceiving surface. The processor is in data communication with thesensor, and the electronic instructions, when executed by the processor,performs steps for (a) receiving at least one signal from the sensor;(b) analyzing the at least one signal to identify a triggering event;and (c) upon identifying a triggering event, actuating the alarm.

In another embodiment of the present invention a system for mitigatingan impact force is disclosed. The system includes a device having afirst layer, a second layer, and an intervening member. The interveningmember is suspended between the first and second layers via a firstbiasing member. A first portion of a force initially received by thefirst layer is transferred to the intervening member; a fraction of theforce transferred to the intervening member is returned to the firstlayer, the fraction returned to the first layer being less than theforce received by the first layer; and a second portion of the forceinitially received by the first layer is partially transferred to thesecond layer, the second portion being less than the initial forcereceived by the first layer.

In still another embodiment, a system for mitigating head injuriesincludes a helmet. The helmet has a hard outer layer; a padded innerlayer; and an intervening layer suspended between the outer layer andthe inner layer via a first biasing member. An alignment member securesthe outer layer to the inner layer, the alignment member beingtelescopic and having a second biasing member. A first portion of aforce initially received by the outer layer is transferred to theintervening member; a fraction of the force transferred to theintervening member is returned to the outer layer, the fraction returnedto the outer layer being less than the force received by the outerlayer; and a second portion of the force initially received by the outerlayer is partially transferred to the inner layer, the second portionbeing less than the initial force received by the outer layer.

In still yet another embodiment, a system for mitigating an impactforce, includes a helmet with a face mask. The face mask has a firstportion and a second portion separated by a gap and held together via abiasing member. A force received by the first portion is at leastpartially transferred to the second portion, and a fraction of thetransferred force is returned to the first portion, the fraction beingless than the force received. In still a further embodiment, a systemfor mitigating an impact force is provided which includes a firsthelmet, a plurality of proximity sensors, a plurality of electromagnets,and ferromagnetic material. The first helmet has an outer layer, aninner layer, and an impact plate suspended between the outer layer andthe inner layer via a first biasing member. The proximity sensors andthe electromagnets are in data communication with a processor andnon-transitory computer memory. The memory includes programming toeffectuate the steps of: (1) determining the proximity of the firsthelmet to A second helmet; (2) determining a potential impact locationof the first helmet with the second helmet; and (3) actuating one ormore of the electromagnets to attract the ferromagnetic material to thepotential impact location. A portion of an impact force between thefirst and second helmets is dissipated by overcoming the electromagnetattraction of the ferromagnetic material; and another portion of theimpact force is transferred to the impact plate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an apparatus for inhibiting glassbreakage according to one embodiment of the current invention, with adistal end of the apparatus visible.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the apparatus of FIG. 1, with a proximal(or “contact”) end of the apparatus visible.

FIG. 3 is a side view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 in use, with variouselements shown in section taken along line 3-3 in FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a section view of the housing of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a section view showing a cushion member added inside thehousing of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing an apparatus for inhibiting glassbreakage according to another embodiment of the current invention, witha distal end of the apparatus visible.

FIG. 7 is a side view of the apparatus of FIG. 6, with various elementsshown in section taken along line 7-7 in FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view showing an apparatus for inhibiting glassbreakage according to still another embodiment of the current invention,with a distal end of the apparatus visible.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the apparatus of FIG. 8, with a proximal(or “contact”) end of the apparatus visible.

FIG. 10 is an exploded view of the apparatus of FIG. 8, with contactmembers and biasing members separated from a housing.

FIG. 11 is a section view of the apparatus of FIG. 8, taken along line11-11 in FIG. 8.

FIG. 12 is a section view of one embodiment of a glass productincorporating the apparatus of FIG. 8.

FIG. 12a is an exploded view showing another embodiment of the apparatusof FIG. 8 in an example use.

FIG. 13 is a perspective view showing an apparatus for inhibiting glassbreakage according to yet another embodiment of the current invention,with a distal end of the apparatus visible.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the apparatus of FIG. 13, with aproximal (or “contact”) end of the apparatus visible.

FIG. 15 is a section view of the apparatus of FIG. 13, with variouselements shown in section taken along line 15-15 in FIG. 13.

FIG. 16 is a perspective view showing an apparatus for inhibiting glassbreakage according to still yet another embodiment of the currentinvention.

FIG. 17 is a perspective view showing a mount of the apparatus of FIG.16.

FIG. 18 is a section view of part of the apparatus of FIG. 16, withvarious elements shown in section.

FIG. 19 is a perspective view of an apparatus for inhibiting glassbreakage and a resulting glass product according to a further embodimentof the current invention.

FIG. 20 is a side view of the apparatus and resulting glass product ofFIG. 19.

FIG. 21 shows an alternate base portion for use in the apparatus of FIG.19.

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of an apparatus for inhibiting glassbreakage and a resulting glass product according to a still furtherembodiment of the current invention.

FIG. 22a shows an alternate base portion for use in the apparatus ofFIG. 19.

FIG. 23 is a perspective view of an apparatus for inhibiting glassbreakage and a resulting glass product according to still yet anotherembodiment of the current invention.

FIG. 24 is a side view of a helmet, according to another embodiment ofthe current invention.

FIG. 25 is a section view of an apparatus for dispersing impact forcesas applied to the helmet of FIG. 34, according to another embodiment ofthe current invention.

FIG. 26 is a section view of an apparatus for dispersing impact forcesas applied to the helmet of FIG. 34, according to yet another embodimentof the current invention.

FIG. 27 is a section view of apparatus for dispersing impact forcesshown located between the layers of a helmet and within pads on thehelmet, according to various embodiments of the current invention.

FIG. 28 is an exploded view of a system for mitigating harm due toimpact forces according to one embodiment.

FIG. 29 is an exploded view of a system for mitigating harm due toimpact forces according to another embodiment.

FIG. 30 is an exploded view of a system for mitigating harm due toimpact forces according to still another embodiment.

FIG. 31 is a section view of a system for mitigating harm due to impactforces incorporating a telescoping rivet, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 32 is a section view of a system for mitigating harm due to impactforces incorporating a telescoping rivet having an internal biasingmember, according to another embodiment.

FIG. 33 is a section view of a face mask of a helmet according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 34 is a side view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 in use, with variouselements shown in section taken along line 3-3 in FIG. 1, andincorporating sensors.

FIG. 35 is a side view of the apparatus of FIG. 6, taken along line 7-7in FIG. 6 and further incorporating sensors.

FIG. 36 is a side view of the apparatus of FIG. 1, taken along line 3-3in FIG. 1, showing a magnetic spring and further incorporating sensors.

FIG. 37 is a section view of the apparatus of FIG. 8, taken along line11-11 in FIG. 8, and further incorporating sensors.

FIG. 38 is a section view of one embodiment of a glass productincorporating the apparatus of FIG. 8 and further incorporating sensors.

FIG. 39 is a section view of the apparatus of FIG. 13, with variouselements shown in section taken along line 15-15 in FIG. 13, and furtherincorporating sensors.

FIG. 40 is a side view of the apparatus and resulting glass product ofFIG. 19, and further incorporating sensors.

FIG. 41 is a section view of a system for mitigating harm due to impactforces incorporating a telescoping rivet, and further incorporatingsensors.

FIG. 42 is a section view of a system for mitigating harm due to impactforces incorporating a telescoping rivet having an internal biasingmember and further incorporating sensors.

FIG. 43 is a section view of a face mask of a helmet according to oneembodiment and further incorporating sensors.

FIG. 44 is a block diagram of a system according to one embodiment ofthe current invention.

FIG. 45 is a circuit diagram of an input device as shown in FIG. 44.

FIG. 46 is a circuit diagram of an input device as shown in FIG. 44showing two switches.

FIG. 47 is a cross-sectional diagram showing two helmets incommunication via proximity sensors.

FIG. 48 is a circuit diagram of the proximity sensors as shown in FIG.47.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIGS. 1 through 4 show an apparatus for inhibiting glass breakageaccording to one embodiment 100 of the current invention. The apparatus100 broadly includes a housing 110, a contact member 130, and a biasingmember 140.

The housing 110 has a contact end 112 a opposite a distal end 112 b, andthe contact end 112 a has an aperture 115 (FIGS. 2 through 4). While thehousing 110 may be configured in various ways, it may be desirable forthe contact end 112 a to have a surface area that is greater than asurface area of the distal end 112 b. Such increased surface area at thecontact end 112 a may allow the housing 110 to be better coupled to aglass surface (as discussed further below) while minimizing the size ofthe housing 110 at the distal end 112 b. The housing 110 is shown tohave a first portion 113 extending from the contact end 112 a and asecond portion 114 extending from the distal end 112 b, with eachportion 113, 114 being generally cylindrical and extending to oneanother. While such configuration is currently preferred in theembodiment 100, other geometries (conical, rectangular, octagonal,irregular geometries, more or fewer portions, et cetera) maynevertheless be used.

The housing 110 may be constructed of plastic, metal, composites, and/orany other appropriate material. Moreover, various manufacturingprocesses may be used to form the housing, such as molding, casting,machining, and/or 3-D printing. While in some embodiments the housing110 is formed as a unitary element, in other embodiments it may bemultiple elements coupled together. For example, the first portion 113may be fastened to the second portion 114 after each portion 113, 114 isformed.

The contact member 130 (FIGS. 2 and 3) is disposed at least primarilyinside the housing 110, and specifically in a cavity 116 defined by thehousing 110, and the biasing member 140 (FIG. 3) is similarly disposedin the cavity 116 and biases the contact member 130 toward the housingaperture 115. In the embodiment 100, the aperture 115 is round andsmaller than the contact member 130 such that the contact member 130cannot completely pass through the aperture 115.

As shown in FIG. 3, it may be desirable for the contact member 130 to begenerally spherical to provide a single point of contact between thecontact member 130 and a sheet of glass 10 with which the apparatus 100will be used. In addition, a spherical configuration may allow thecontact member 130 to be easily seated in the housing 110 at theaperture 115. Nevertheless, the contact member 130 may be configured tobe shaped differently and the aperture 115 may be shaped complementaryto the configuration of the contact member 130.

The contact member 130 may be constructed of entirely non-elasticmaterial (e.g., metal). However, it may be desirable for the contactmember 130 to be made at least partially of a resilient material such asrubber, or other materials such as glass. A rubberized coating on anon-elastic material may be particularly suitable, allowing some energyto be absorbed upon impact of the glass 10 and the contact member 130yet transferring most of an impact force from the glass 10 to thebiasing member 140.

The biasing member 140 in the embodiment 100 is a helical spring, asshown in FIG. 3. Other types of resilient members may alternately (oradditionally) be used in different embodiments, such as a flat spring, agas spring, a hydraulic spring, or a magnetic spring. An endcap 120 iscoupled to the housing 110 to prevent the contact member 130 fromexiting the housing 110, and the biasing member 140 may abut the endcap120, as shown in FIG. 3. The housing 110 includes threading 118 (FIGS. 3and 4), and the endcap 120 includes complementary threading 122 forcoupling the endcap 120 to the housing 110. The endcap 120 may furtherinclude a passage or other element 124 for receiving a driver bit,allowing the endcap 120 to be fastened to the housing 110. While otherembodiments may use fastening methods besides threading (for example,adhesive or fusing), it may be desirable for the endcap 120 to beadjustably coupled to the housing 110; such adjustment may allow anamount of force on the contact member 130 provided by the biasing member140 to be altered as desired.

Various means may be included for fastening the housing contact end 112a to the glass 10 (which may or may not be generally planar). As shownin FIGS. 2 and 3, adhesive 150 may be used to couple the contact end 112a to the glass 10. Especially if the housing contact end 112 a isgenerally flat or otherwise not of the same curvature as the glass 10,the adhesive 150 may be particularly desirable to fill the area betweenthe contact end 112 a and the glass 10 and provide a strong bond.Nevertheless, other embodiments may use magnetic fasteners, fusingprocesses, and other suitable fastening technology.

In use, the apparatus 100 is adhered to (or otherwise coupled to) theglass 10, as shown for example in FIG. 3. The biasing member 140 biasesthe contact member 130 toward the aperture 115, and the contact member130 extends through the aperture 115 and contacts the glass 10. Thesystem may remain in this configuration until the glass 10 receives animpact force I. For example, the glass 10 may be a windshield or aresidential window, and flying debris may provide the impact force I.Upon receipt of the impact force I, the glass 10 may transfer at least aportion of the impact force I to the contact member 130, which in turnmay move from the contact end 112 a and transfer force to the biasingmember 140. The biasing member 140 may then return to its priorconfiguration, moving the contact member 140 back through the aperture115 and contacting the glass 10.

Inefficiencies in the biasing member 140, for example, may cause lessthan the full amount of force transferred to the contact member 130 fromthe glass 10 to be returned to the glass 10. This may be particularlyadvantageous if multiple apparatus 100 are used with the glass 10. Inaddition, if multiple apparatus 100 are used with the glass 10, thetiming of the force transfer may vary slightly between the differentapparatus 100, allowing forces to be transferred back to the glass 10 atdifferent times. The glass 10 may be able to withstand this staggeredreturn of forces better than the impact force I if the multipleapparatus 100 were not utilized.

To further dissipate the impact force I, a cushion 190 may be placed inthe housing 110, as shown in FIG. 5. In such embodiments, the cushion190 may be initially compressed when the contact member 130 contacts theglass 10. Upon movement of the contact member 130 away from the aperture115 (and the cushion 190), the cushion 190 may expand. The cushion 190may then absorb some force from the contact member 130 when the contactmember 130 is returned to the glass 10, causing the cushion 190 toreturn to the compressed configuration.

The cushion 190 may be constructed of, for example, open celledpolyurethane, and fast-recovery memory foam may be particularly useful.Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other materials which mayquickly return to their original configuration after being compressedmay similarly be used.

While the positioning of the apparatus 100 may vary (based, for example,on the type of glass application), in some embodiments where the glass10 is a windshield, multiple apparatus 100 may be dispersed along aperimeter of the glass 10 and/or behind the rear view mirror so as notto unnecessarily obstruct the driver's view.

FIGS. 6 and 7 show another apparatus 200 for inhibiting glass breakagethat is substantially similar to the embodiment 100, except asspecifically noted and/or shown, or as would be inherent. Further, thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiment 100 (and thus theembodiment 200) may be modified in various ways, such as throughincorporating all or part of any of the various described embodiments,for example. For uniformity and brevity, reference numbers between 200and 299 may be used to indicate parts corresponding to those discussedabove numbered between 100 and 199 (e.g., housing 210 correspondsgenerally to the housing 110), though with any noted or showndeviations.

In embodiment 200, endcap 220 is fused to housing 210. For example, thehousing 210 and the endcap 220 may be plastic coupled together throughfriction welding or ultrasonic welding.

FIGS. 8 through 11 show another apparatus 300 for inhibiting glassbreakage that is substantially similar to the embodiment 100, except asspecifically noted and/or shown, or as would be inherent. Further, thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiment 100 (and thus theembodiment 300) may be modified in various ways, such as throughincorporating all or part of any of the various described embodiments,for example. For uniformity and brevity, reference numbers between 300and 399 may be used to indicate parts corresponding to those discussedabove numbered between 100 and 199 (e.g., housing 310 correspondsgenerally to the housing 110), though with any noted or showndeviations.

In embodiment 300, the housing 310 is sized to contain more than one ofthe contact members 330. Further, as shown in FIG. 9, the housingcontact end 312 a has more than one of the apertures 315, and theapparatus 300 may further include at least one cushion 390 (FIG. 11)inside the housing 310 associated with each aperture 315. Whileembodiment 300 has three rectangular apertures 315, a generallyrectangular contact end 312 a, and a rounded distal end 312 b, thehousing 310 can be configured in various ways (as noted regarding theembodiment 100) and may include more or fewer apertures 315 of anyappropriate shape to correspond to the contact member(s) 330. And whilethe drawings show the housing 310 to be a unitary member, it maygenerally be formed of multiple segments coupled together during amanufacturing process.

The contact members 330 are disposed at least primarily inside thehousing 310, with each of the contact members 330 being associated with(and biased toward) a respective aperture 315. The embodiment 300includes rectangular contact members 330 each having a recess 331 (FIG.11), and the apertures 315 are smaller than the contact members 330 suchthat the contact members 330 cannot completely pass through theapertures 315. Such sizing may be particularly desirable when theapparatus 300 is for “aftermarket” use (i.e., when the glass product isnot sold with the apparatus 300).

When multiple contact members 330 are included, they may be biasedtoward the apertures 315 by a single biasing member 340, or by multiplebiasing members 340. The embodiment 300 includes multiple biasingmembers 340, shown to be flat springs 340 a coupled to one another by arail 340 b. More particularly, the embodiment 300 includes a piece ofstamped metal bent to define the flat springs 340 a. While FIG. 11 showsan upper end of a respective flat spring 340 a touching the housing 310,other embodiments employing flat springs 340 a may include a spacingbetween the spring upper ends and the housing 310. And, as discussedabove regarding the embodiment 100, other types of biasing members 310may be used.

FIG. 12 shows the apparatus 300 in one method of use, and a resultingglass product. First and second sheets of glass 31, 32 may be spacedapart or laminated together (as shown). Windshield applications, forexample, may include lamination; window applications, for example, mayinclude spacing. The second sheet of glass has at least one opening 32 atherein, and the contact end 312 a of the housing 310 is coupled to atleast one of the sheets 31, 32. One of the contact members 330 passesthrough a respective opening 32 a and rests upon the first sheet 31 forreceiving an impact force from the first sheet 31. Another of thecontact members 330 rests upon the second sheet 32 for receiving animpact force from the second sheet 32. Forces from each sheet 31, 32 aretransferred generally as described above regarding FIGS. 1 through 5. Byreceiving at least a portion of an impact force from the sheet 31, theapparatus 300 may be better able to prevent breakage than if only thesheet 32 were contacted.

FIG. 12a shows the apparatus 300 configured as a ribbon (i.e., with thehousing 310 elongated and having a reduced distance between ends 312 a,312 b) and positioned between the windshield 10 and an automobile body2. In such embodiments, the windshield 10 may be directly installed atopthe apparatus 300.

FIGS. 13 through 15 show another apparatus 400 for inhibiting glassbreakage that is substantially similar to the embodiment 100, except asspecifically noted and/or shown, or as would be inherent. Further, thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiment 100 (and thus theembodiment 400) may be modified in various ways, such as throughincorporating all or part of any of the various described embodiments,for example. For uniformity and brevity, reference numbers between 400and 499 may be used to indicate parts corresponding to those discussedabove numbered between 100 and 199 (e.g., housing 410 correspondsgenerally to the housing 110), though with any noted or showndeviations.

In embodiment 400, the housing 410 is configured as a rear view mirrormount, such that the housing 410 may be coupled to a windshield and arear view mirror may in turn be coupled to the housing 410. While it maybe particularly desirable for the housing 410 to be constructed ofmetal, other materials (e.g., plastic, ceramic, or glass) mayalternately be used. The biasing member 440 shown in FIG. 15 is anothertype of flat spring. But, as noted above, other types of biasing membersmay be used.

FIGS. 16 through 18 show another apparatus 500 for inhibiting glassbreakage that is substantially similar to the embodiment 100, except asspecifically noted and/or shown, or as would be inherent. Further, thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiment 100 (and thus theembodiment 500) may be modified in various ways, such as throughincorporating all or part of any of the various described embodiments,for example. For uniformity and brevity, reference numbers between 500and 599 may be used to indicate parts corresponding to those discussedabove numbered between 100 and 199 (e.g., housing 510 correspondsgenerally to the housing 110), though with any noted or showndeviations.

In embodiment 500, the housing 510 is configured to attach to a rearview minor mount 570, such that the housing 510 overlays the mount 570for example. And in the embodiment 500, endcap 520 is shown fused to thehousing 510. The endcap 520 may extend to a minor portion 580, and aball and socket joint or other structure may be utilized to allowpositioning of the minor portion 580 to be easily adjusted. In otherembodiments, the housing 510 may extend to the minor portion 580 (withany adjustment elements included), and other structure (e.g., set screwsor removable plates) may be used to support the biasing member 540. Acushion corresponding to the cushion 190 may of course be included inthe housing 510.

In use, the mount 570 is coupled to a windshield, and the housing 510 iscoupled to the mount 570 such that the contact member 530 passes througha hole 575 in the mount 570 and rests on the windshield. Force transfermay occur generally as set forth above to inhibit glass breakage, andthe mirror portion 580 may be used in a traditional manner to improve auser's view.

FIGS. 19-20 show another apparatus 600 for inhibiting glass breakage inone method of use, and a resulting glass product. First and secondsheets of glass 61, 62 are spaced apart by a spacer 63 that includes aledge 64. A bonding agent (not shown) may couple the spacer 63 to theglass 61, 62. The apparatus 600 includes a base portion 610, a contactmember 630, and a biasing member 640. In some embodiments, the baseportion 610, the contact member 630, and the biasing member 640 are allmade of a continuous, unitary material (e.g., resilient metal, resilientplastic, et cetera), either with or without an overlying coating; inother embodiments, one or more of the portions 610, 630, 640 are formedseparately and coupled to the other portions (e.g., by adhesive,welding, et cetera). The base portion 610 is configured to interact withthe ledge 64 to maintain the base portion 610 stationary relative to theglass 61, 62 and the spacer 63. Adhesive or other fastening methods mayor may not be used to further fix the base portion 610 to the spacer 63,and distal end 610 a of the base portion 610 may or may not extend tospacer face 63 a.

Continuing, the contact member 630 abuts the glass 61, and the biasingmember 640 biases the contact member 630 toward the glass 61. As shownin FIGS. 19-20, it may be desirable for the contact member 630 to begenerally round to provide a single point of contact between the contactmember 630 and the glass 61. Nevertheless, the contact member 630 may beconfigured to be shaped differently. As with the contact member 130described above, rubber and glass may also be suitable materials for thecontact member 630. Rubberized coatings on resilient or non-resilientmaterials may further be acceptable. The apparatus 600 in FIGS. 19-20 isformed of a unitary sheet of material bent to define the base portion610, the contact member 630, and the biasing member 640, and one end ofthe sheet is rolled to define the contact member 630.

The biasing member 640 specifically causes the contact member 630 toimpart a first force in direction F1 on the glass 61, and the system mayremain in this configuration until the glass 61 receives an impact forcein direction F2 (e.g., imparted by flying debris). Upon receipt of theimpact force F2, the glass 61 may transfer at least a portion of theimpact force F2 to the contact member 630, which in turn may transferforce to the biasing member 640. The biasing member 640 may then returnpart of the force F2 to the glass 61 via the contact member 630. In someembodiments, the contact member 630 may move from the glass 61 uponreceiving the portion of the impact force F2.

Inefficiencies in the biasing member 640, for example, may cause lessthan the full amount of force transferred to the contact member 630 fromthe glass 61 to be returned to the glass 61. This may be particularlyadvantageous if multiple apparatus 600 are used with the glass 61. Inaddition, if multiple apparatus 600 are used with the glass 61, thetiming of the force transfer may vary slightly between the differentapparatus 600, allowing forces to be transferred back to the glass 61 atdifferent times. The glass 61 may be able to withstand this staggeredreturn of forces better than the impact force F2 if the multipleapparatus 600 were not utilized.

To further dissipate the impact force F2, a cushion may be coupled tothe contact member 630 (e.g., using adhesive or other appropriatefastening devices and methods). In such embodiments, the cushion may beinitially compressed when the contact member 630 contacts the glass 61.Upon movement of the contact member 630 away from the glass 61, thecushion may expand. The cushion may then absorb some force from thecontact member 630 when the contact member 630 is returned to the glass61, causing the cushion to return to the compressed configuration. Thecushion may be constructed of, for example, open celled polyurethane,and a fast-recovery memory foam may be particularly useful. Thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that other materials which mayquickly return to their original configuration after being compressedmay similarly be used.

FIG. 21 shows an alternate base portion 610′ for use in the apparatus600. The alternate base portion 610′ illustrates that variousconfigurations may be appropriate for interacting with the ledge 64.

FIG. 22 shows the apparatus 600 for inhibiting glass breakage and aresulting glass product (slightly exploded) that is substantiallysimilar to as described above regarding embodiment 600, except asspecifically noted and/or shown, or as would be inherent. In FIG. 22,the spacer 63 is not present (or at least not utilized). As such, thebase portion 610 extends in a pressure fit between glass sheets 61, 62.Adhesive or other fastening methods may or may not be used to furtherfix the base portion 610 to the glass 61, 62.

FIG. 22a shows another alternate base portion 610″ for use in theapparatus 600. Here, alternate base portion 610″ is coupled to the glasssheet 61 (e.g., by adhesive). The alternate base portion 610″illustrates that various base configurations may be appropriate forinteracting with the glass 61, 62 (or the spacer 63).

FIG. 23 shows another apparatus 700 for inhibiting glass breakage in onemethod of use that is substantially similar to embodiment 600, except asspecifically noted and/or shown, or as would be inherent. Further, thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiment 700 (and thus theembodiment 600) may be modified in various ways, such as throughincorporating all or part of any of the various described embodiments,for example. For uniformity and brevity, reference numbers between 700and 799 may be used to indicate parts corresponding to those discussedabove numbered 600-699 (e.g, contact member 630 corresponds generally tocontact member 730) though with any noted or shown deviations. In anembodiment, the apparatus 700 includes a base portion 710, a contactmember 730, a first biasing member 740 a, a second biasing member 740 b,and a rail 760.

The rail 760 may be a piece of material extending around the perimeterof a window frame between a first sheet of glass 71 and a second sheetof glass 72 or may be, for example, a grid pattern visible through theglass 71, 72. The first and second sheets of glass 71, 72 may be spacedapart by a spacer 73. The base portion 710 may, for example, fit snuglywithin the spacer 73 between the first and second sheets of glass 71,72. The first biasing member 740 a abuts the rail 760. The secondbiasing member 740 b extends from the rail 760 to the contact member730, and the contact member 730 abuts the first sheet of glass 71. Thefirst biasing member 740 a biases against the rail 760, which supportsthe second biasing member 740 b, which biases the contact member 730toward the glass 71.

When a force is received against the first sheet of glass 71, at least aportion of the force is transferred to the contact member 730. Thecontact member 730 pushes against the second biasing member 740 b whichcauses temporary deformation of the second biasing member 740 b as itpushes against the rail 760 and may allow the contact member 730 toseparate from the glass 71. If the force upon the first sheet of glass71 is great enough, then the force transferred to the rail 760 by thesecond biasing member 740 b may be sufficient to cause temporarydeformation of the first biasing member 740 a and movement of the rail760. The first biasing member 740 a, the rail 760, the second biasingmember 740 b, and the contact member 730 may eventually each return totheir initial positions. As described above, cushions may be used (e.g.,with the contact member 730), and the amount of force transferred backto the first sheet of glass 71 may be less than the force initiallyreceived. Additionally, as set forth in FIG. 23, multiple base portions710, biasing members 740 a, 740 b, and contact members 730 may beassociated with the rail 760.

FIGS. 24-25 show another apparatus 800 for dispersing impact forces thatis substantially similar to the embodiment 100, except as specificallynoted and/or shown, or as would be inherent. Further, those skilled inthe art will appreciate that the embodiment 100 (and thus embodiment800) may be modified in various ways, such as through incorporating allor part of any of the various described embodiments, for example. Foruniformity and brevity, references numbers between 800 and 899 may beused to indicate parts corresponding to those discussed above numberedbetween 100 and 199 (e.g., housing 810 corresponds generally to housing110), though with any noted or shown deviations.

FIG. 25 shows the apparatus 800 in one method of use, e.g. locatedbetween an inside layer 81 a and an outside layer 81 b of a helmet 81,and specifically a football helmet (although this is not limited tofootball helmets). The housing 810 may be coupled to a helmet 81 suchthat the contact member 830 rests on the outer layer 81 a of the helmet81. Alternately, the housing 810 may be coupled to a helmet 81 such thatthe contact member 830 rests on the inside layer 81 b of the helmet 81.

A cushion 890 may be included in the housing 810. Force transfer mayoccur generally as set forth above to dispel impact forces (though herethe impact forces are acting on the outside of the helmet 81 instead ofon the glass 10). In some embodiments, the distal end 812 b of thehousing 810 is the helmet inside layer 81 b. In other embodiments, thedistal end 812 b is distinct from (and either adjacent to or spacedapart from the helmet inside layer 81 b). In embodiments, where thedistal end 812 b is distinct from—and spaced apart from—the helmetinside layer 81 b, appropriate padding (whether now known or laterdeveloped) may be located between the distal end 812 b and the helmetinside layer 81 b. Examples of appropriate padding include paddingscurrently used in athletic and work helmets.

While the positioning of the apparatus 800 may vary (based, for example,on the type of helmet), multiple apparatus 800 may be dispersed betweenthe inner layer 81 b and the outer layer 81 a. Furthermore, theapparatus 800 may be alternately positioned, for example, severalapparatus 800 may be coupled to the helmet 81 such that the contactmember 830 rests on the outside layer 81 a of the helmet, and severalapparatus 800 may be coupled to the helmet 81 such that the contactmember 830 rests on the inside layer 81 b of the helmet 81. Thisconfiguration may help to dispel impact forces coming from more than onedirection (i.e., the forces acting upon the outside surface of thehelmet and the forces acting upon the inside surface of the helmet froma person's head).

FIG. 26 shows another embodiment of an apparatus 900 for dispersingimpact forces that is substantially similar to the embodiment 800,except as specifically noted and/or shown, or as would be inherent.Further, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiment800 (and thus embodiment 900) may be modified in various ways, such asthrough incorporating all or part of any of the various describedembodiments, for example. For uniformity and brevity, reference numbersbetween 900 and 999 may be used to indicate parts corresponding to thosediscussed above numbered between 800 and 899 (e.g., housing 810corresponds generally to housing 910), though with any noted or showndeviations.

In use, the apparatus 900 may be located between an inside layer 91 band an outside layer 91 a of a helmet (shown in FIG. 24). The housing910 may be coupled to the helmet such that the contact member 930 restson the outer layer 91 a of the helmet. Alternatively, the housing 910may be coupled to the helmet such that the contact member 930 rests onthe inside layer 91 b of the helmet. A cushion 990 may be included inthe housing 910, and force transfer may occur generally as referencedabove in embodiment 800.

Primary differences between the illustrated embodiments 800 and 900 isthat the illustrated embodiment 900 includes an endcap 920, contactmember 930, and biasing member 940 similar to elements 420, 430, and 440in FIG. 15.

While the positioning of the apparatus 900 may vary (based, for example,on the type of helmet), multiple apparatus 900 may be dispersed betweenthe inner layer 91 b and the outer layer 91 a. Furthermore, theapparatus 900 may be alternately positioned, for example, severalapparatus 900 may be coupled to the helmet such that the contact member910 rests on the outside layer 91 a of the helmet, and several apparatus900 may be coupled to the helmet such that the contact member 930 restson the inside layer 91 b of the helmet. This configuration may help todispel impact forces coming from more than one direction (i.e., theforces acting upon the outside surface of the helmet and the forcesacting upon the inside surface of the helmet from a person's head).

FIG. 27 shows that the various apparatus for dispersing impact forcesmay be incorporated differently into a helmet. For example, a pluralityof pads 83 of different shapes and sizes may be dispersed along insidelayer 81 b of helmet 81, and various embodiments described above may bepositioned within the pads 83 (preferably with space between the endcap220 and the pads 83). FIG. 27 specifically incorporates apparatus 200 inthe pads 83. Force transfer may occur generally as referenced above inembodiments 800 and 900.

The positioning of the pads 83 on the inside surface 81 b of the helmet81 may be such that spaces exist between the pads 83. Variousembodiments described above, may be configured to fit in another cushion84 that can be positioned between the pads 83; a resized version ofembodiment 200 is used here in FIG. 27. Clearly, other embodiments (suchas 300 and 400, for example) may be used within the pads 83 and/or thecushions 84. Further, those skilled in the art may readily see benefitsto incorporating apparatus between the layers of the helmet 81 (asdescribed regarding embodiments 800 and 900, for example), within thepads 83 and the cushions 84.

FIGS. 28-30 show another system 1000 for mitigating harm due to impactforces. The system may include a first layer 1010, a second layer 1020,and an intervening plate 1030. The first layer 1010 may be, for example,the outer layer of a helmet. An additional layer (not shown) may overlayfirst layer 1010 to provide a smooth outer surface for the helmet.

The second layer 1020 layer may be, for example, a layer of padding onthe inside surface of the helmet. As described above with reference toFIG. 27, various embodiments described above (e.g., 800, 900, et cetera)may be positioned within the pads. However, instead of the padding beingpositioned along the inside layer of the helmet, a space may be providedbetween the first layer 1010 and the second padding layer 1020.Therefore, the apparatus 800, 900 would be located entirely within thepadding such that the contact member 830, 930 is not in direct contactwith the helmet's inside surface 81 b (but would rather be in contactwith an interior or exterior edge of the second layer 1020). Forcetransfer may occur generally as discussed above with reference toembodiments 800 and 900.

The intervening plate 1030 may be disposed between the first and secondlayers 1010, 1020. Means for attaching the intervening plate 1030 to thefirst layer 1010 may be provided. For example, as shown in FIG. 29,springs 1048 located on the intervening plate 1030 may be secured to theunderside of the first layer 1010 to hold the intervening plate 1030 inflexible communication with the first layer 1010.

The intervening plate 1030 may be equipped with transfer members 1032which may be individually biased from the plate 1030 (e.g., 1032 a, 1032b, 1032 c, 1032 d, 1032 e, 1032 f). Biasing members 1038 (for example,springs) may bias the transfer members 1032 toward the first layer 1010,as shown more clearly in FIG. 32. In this case, biasing members 1048 mayhold the plate 1030 in place and provide additional tension to thesystem. Alternately, the transfer members 1032 a, 1032 b, 1032 c, etc.may be biased directly from the second layer 1020 (e.g., without theintervening plate 1030).

Additionally, the transfer members 1032 and the intervening plate 1030may form a unitary member 1030′ (as shown more clearly in FIG. 31). Forexample, as shown in FIG. 30, biasing members 1018 may be securedbetween the first layer 1010 and the intervening plate 1030′ to hold theplate 1030′ in place. Here, the biasing members 1048 may not benecessary, although they could be included to provide additional tensionto the system. The first layer 1010 may be equipped with recesses 1012for receiving the transfer members 1032. As described above, anadditional layer may overlay the first layer 1010 to provide a smoothoutside surface, thereby “hiding” the recesses 1012.

As shown in FIGS. 31 and 32, alignment members 1022 (e.g., telescopingrivets) may be secured between apertures 1015, 1035 in the first layer1010 and the intervening plate 1030, respectively. Additionally, therivets 1022 may pass through apertures 1025 in the second layer 1020 tosecure the second layer 1020 to the first layer 1010. The rivets 1022may alternately be secured to the first layer 1010 and the second layer1020 via adhesive, for example.

A biasing member 1058 (shown in FIG. 32) may also be included within therivet 1022 to provide additional tension to the system 1000. Inparticular, FIG. 31 shows the use of a telescoping rivet 1022 with theintervening plate 1030 and the transfer members 1032 in a unitaryconstruction. FIG. 32 shows the use of a telescoping rivet 1022′ withthe intervening plate 1030 having individually biased transfer members1032. In addition, a biasing member 1058 is shown inside the rivet1022′.

It shall be noted that either the rivet 1022 or 1022′ may be used witheither the unitary member 1030′ or the intervening plate 1030 havingindividually biased transfer members 1032. It shall also be noted thatbiasing members 1018, 1038, 1048, and 1058 may be helical springs,magnetic springs, flat springs, gas springs, pneumatic springs, etcetera.

In some embodiments, other means of securing the first layer 1010 to thesecond layer 1020 may be utilized. For example, the second layer 1020may be attached to the first layer via straps or a latching mechanismsuch as snaps, clips, zippers, et cetera. Corresponding snaps may besecured around the edge of the first layer 1010 and the second layer1020 to snap the second layer 1020 into place. If clips are used, thesecond layer 1020 may be configured to snap into place around the outerperimeter of the first layer 1010.

In use, the system 1000 may act to mitigate the harmful effects ofsignificant impact forces. When an impact force is received upon thefirst layer 1010, a portion of that force may be transferred to thevarious transfer members 1032 and biasing members 1018, 1038, 1048 toreduce the force received upon the wearer of the helmet. The biasingmembers 1018, 1038, 1048 may be altered for a short period of time,allowing the transfer members 1032 to move toward the plate 1030. If theimpact force is sufficiently strong, the transfer members 1032 maycontact the plate 1030 and move the plate 1030 toward the second layer1020. Eventually, the biasing members 1018, 1038, 1048 may return thetransfer members 1032 and the second layer 1030 to their initialpositions pre-impact. The telescoping rivet 1022, 1022′ may provideadditional benefits when particularly hard forces are received upon thefirst layer 1010 by dispelling additional forces.

While the description of the invention is directed towards helmets, itshould be noted that the invention may have use in other applications,including but not limited to other devices. For example, in shoes, thefirst layer 1010 may form a shoe sole and the second layer 1020 may forma layer for receiving a foot.

FIG. 33 shows another embodiment 1100 of the invention for mitigatingharm due to impact forces shown in reference to a mask on a helmet. Themask 1100 may include a front portion 1120, a back portion 1130, andoptionally a first layer 1110. As shown in FIG. 33, the front and backportions 1120, 1130 may be separably connected via a biasing member1148. When force is applied in the direction of the arrow, a portion ofthe force is transferred to the biasing member 1148 and the back portion1130 separates from an initial position adjacent the front portion 1120,as indicated by the dotted lines used to show movement of the backportion 1130. The biasing member 1148 and the back portion 1130eventually return to the initial position. The first layer 1110 mayprotect a user from being pinched during separation of the front andback portions 1120, 1130. It should be noted that the biasing member1148 may be helical springs, magnetic springs, flat springs, gassprings, pneumatic springs, et cetera.

FIGS. 34-43 show alternative embodiments of various apparatusincorporating sensors 1000 as part of the apparatus. The sensors 1000may, for example, be enabled to detect movement of a surface in responseto a force acting upon a surface, and to cause an alert to be activated.

FIGS. 34 and 35 show apparatus 100′, 100″ that are substantially similarto embodiment 100, except as specifically noted and/or shown, or aswould be inherent. In FIG. 34, sensors 2000 are placed at variouslocations inside the housing 110 such that a force acting upon the sheetof glass 10 would trigger an alert. For example, sensors 2000 a may bedisposed along the walls of the housing 110 forming the cavity 116. Thecontact member 130 may be in constant contact with the sensors 2000 a.When a force I acts upon the sheet of glass 10, the contact member 130may be forced away from the sheet of glass 10. When the contact member130 loses contact with the sensors 2000 a, the sensors 2000 a mayrecognize that the force I caused the contact member 130 to shift off ofthe sensors 2000 a, thus triggering an alert. Alternately, the sensors1000 can be placed along the walls of the housing 110 near the upperedge of the contact member 130, as shown at 2000 b. When the force Icauses the contact member 130 to shift, the contact member 130encounters the sensors 2000 b, thus triggering an alert. In anotheralternative, sensors 2000 may be placed along the walls of the housing110 between coils in a biasing member 140 (which is a helical spring inFIG. 34), as shown at 2000 c. When a force I acts upon the sheet ofglass 10, the contact member 130 is pushed against the spring 140, andcausing the coils to contract. As the coils contract, one or more of thecoils may come into contact with the sensors 2000 c, thus triggering analert. As shown in FIG. 35, the sensors 2000 n may alternately belocated along a contact end 11, wherein the contact member 130 sits atopthe contact end 11 and is in constant contact with the sensors 2000 n.When a force is applied to the contact end 11, the contact member 130loses contact with the sensors 2000 n, thus triggering an alert.

FIG. 36 shows an apparatus 100′″ that is substantially similar to theembodiments described above with reference to FIGS. 34-35, except asspecifically noted and/or shown, or as would be inherent. The differencebetween embodiment 100′″ and those shown in FIGS. 34-35 is that thespring 140 in FIG. 36 is a magnetic spring rather than a helical spring.The sensors 2000 p in FIG. 36 are shown in the cavity 116 of the housing110. When a force is received upon the sheet of glass 10, the contactmember 130 causes the magnet 140′ to shift upwards. The magnet 140′ maycome into contact with the sensors 2000 p, thus triggering an alert.

FIGS. 37 and 38 show an apparatus 300′ that is substantially similar toembodiment 300, except as specifically noted and/or shown, or as wouldbe inherent. Sensors 2000 may be located, for example, along the edgesof the biasing member 340, as shown at 2000 e. Alternately, sensors maybe placed at various places on the biasing member 2000 f such thatmovement of the biasing member triggers the sensors 2000 to initiate analert.

FIG. 39 shows an apparatus 400′ that is substantially similar toembodiment 400, except as specifically noted and/or shown, or as wouldbe inherent. Sensors 2000 may be secured, for example, behind thebiasing member 440, as shown at 2000 g, such that movement of thecontact member 430 causes the biasing member 440 to contact the sensor2000 g, thus triggering an alert. Alternately, the sensors may belocated within the cushions 490 (as shown at 2000 h), such that movementof the contact member 430 away from the cushion 490, or a return of thecontact member 490 to the cushion 490 after a force has been received,activates the sensor 2000 h. In another alternative, the sensors 2000can be placed along the walls of the housing 410 near the upper edge ofthe contact member 430, as shown at 2000 i. When the force I causes thecontact member 430 to shift, the contact member 430 encounters thesensors 2000 i, thus triggering an alert.

FIG. 40 shows an apparatus 600′ that is substantially similar toembodiment 600, except as specifically noted and/or shown, or as wouldbe inherent. Sensors 2000 may be provided, for example, near where thecontact member 630 rests upon the glass 61, as shown at 2000 j, suchthat a force F2 received upon the glass 61 causes the contact member 630to shift away from the glass 61, triggering the sensors 2000 j.Alternately, the sensor may be located at the junction between thebiasing member 640 and the base member 610, as shown at 2000 k. When aforce is received upon the surface of the glass 61, the biasing member630 may be pushed away from the surface of the glass 61, thus engagingthe sensor 2000 k. In another alternative, a sensor 1000 may besupported behind the biasing member 640, as shown at 2000 m. Again, aforce F2 received upon the surface of the glass 61 causes the biasingmember to shift, thus triggering the sensor 2000 m.

FIGS. 41 and 42 show systems 1000′, 1000″ that are substantially similarto embodiment 1000, except as specifically noted and/or shown, or aswould be inherent. Sensors 2000 may be provided, for example, near thetransfer members 1032, intervening plate 1030, and biasing members 1018,1038 as shown at 2000 p such that movement of the transfer members 1032,intervening plate 1030, and/or biasing members 1018, 1038 triggers thesensors 2000 p. Alternately, the sensors 2000 may be located somewherealong the rivet 1022 as shown at 2000 r such that movement of the rivet1022 triggers the sensors 2000 r. As described above, the sensors 2000may be triggered by contact of the sensors 2000 with the transfermembers 1032, intervening plate 1030, and/or biasing members 1018, 1038,by losing contact with the sensors 2000, or by movement alone.

FIG. 43 shows embodiment 1100′ which is substantially similar toembodiment 1100, except as specifically noted and/or shown, or as wouldbe inherent. Sensors 2000 may be provided, for example, along theseparation point between the front portion 1120 and the back portion1130 as shown at 2000 s. In this way, the sensors 2000 s may betriggered when contact between the sensors 2000 s and the back portion1130 is lost. Alternately, the sensors 2000 s may be triggered whencontact with the sensors 2000 s is lost and regained, such as when theback portion 1030 leaves and subsequently returns to its originalposition.

It shall be understood that examples depicted in FIGS. 34-43 anddescribed herein are exemplary only, and that the sensor(s) 2000 may beplaced in any appropriate location such that movement of the biasingmember caused by an impact force would cause the sensor 2000 to triggeran alert. Further, multiple sensors 2000 may be incorporated in anembodiment, and filtering criteria may be used to determine when toactivate an alert. For example, an alert may be initiated only after twosensors 2000 detect movement.

Additionally, the sensors 2000 may be able to detect the amount of forceexerted upon the surface of the glass 61 (or other surface). Forexample, multiple sensors 2000 may be located at various points withinor along the housing 110. The amount of force exerted upon the contactsurface may be determined by which sensor(s) 2000 are activated bymovement of the contact member 130. The amount of force required toreach each sensor 2000 may be already known, such that if the contactmember 130 contacts a first sensor 2000 along the walls of the housing110 but not a second sensor located further from the contact member 130,the amount of force will be generally known. Alternately, the sensor(s)2000 may be able to measure the amount of force exerted upon the contactsurface and to report that information to a user.

FIG. 44 illustrates a system 3000 incorporating apparatus for dispersingimpact forces. The system 3000 may include an interface unit 3004 and asensor 2000′ in data communication over a network 3002. The interfaceunit 3004 may include a communication device 3006, a processor 3008, anoutput device 3014, and non-transitory computer memory 3010 havingprogramming 3012.

The output device 3014 may be any appropriate device, whether nowexisting or later developed, for presenting data from the processor3008. This may include, for example, one or more of: a printer, amonitor, a keyboard, a computer mouse, a touchpad, a speaker, a buzzer,a light, et cetera. The communication device 3006 may be any device,whether now known or later developed, that allows the system 3000 tocommunicate with the network 3002. For example, the communication device3006 may be a switch, wireless router, wired modem, et cetera. Thenetwork 3002 may be the World Wide Web, a private or local network, or acellular network, for example.

The interface unit 3004 may be, for example, a computer or smart phoneassociated with a monitoring system. Alternately, the interface unit3004 may be a home alarm that alerts the homeowner that a force has beenreceived upon a surface having an apparatus attached thereto.

The sensor 2000′, as described above regarding the sensors 2000, may belocated in or on various apparatus for dispersing impact forces. Thesensor 2000′ may include a transmitter 3018, a processor 3020, andnon-transitory memory 3022 having programming 3024. Optionally, theprocessor 3020, memory 3022, and programming 3024 may be separate fromthe sensor 2000′.

In use, a force is received upon an impact surface, causing a contactmember in an apparatus for dispersing impact forces (such as thosedescribed in embodiments 100′, 100″, 100′″, 300′, 400′, and 600′) toshift. The shift in the contact member to (or away from) the sensor2000′ may complete a circuit 4000 shown in FIG. 45, as generallydescribed above regarding sensing in FIGS. 34-43, and the transmitter3018 may send an alert. In another alternative (FIG. 46), the contactmember may be required to activate (e.g., shift away from) a firstsensor 2000′ and also activate (e.g., contact) a second sensor 2000″before the transmitter 3018 emits an alert to the interface unit 3004.

Once an alert has been sent via the transmitter 3018, the processor 3008may then recognize the signal and cause the output device 3014 to alertthe user that the sensor 2000′ has been triggered.

Yet another system for mitigating head injuries is shown in FIGS. 47-48.Here, two helmets 4700, 4800 (shown in cross-section diagram) eachinclude a plurality of dispersed proximity sensors 4710, 4810 such thatthe proximity sensors 4710 of the first helmet 4700 are in communicationwith the proximity sensors 4810 of the second helmet 4800, andspecifically such that: (a) the proximity sensors 4710 can indicate whatpart of the helmet 4700 is closest to the helmet 4800; and (b) theproximity sensors 4810 can indicate what part of the helmet 4800 isclosest to the helmet 4700. As shown in FIG. 48, the proximity sensors4710, 4810 may be in data communication with one or more processor 4720,4820 and non-transitory computer memory 4725, 4825. The memory 4725,4825 includes programming to effectuate the steps and functionsdescribed herein, as well as other steps and functions that may bedesired. Dispersed electromagnets 4730 are in communication with theprocessor 4720, and other dispersed electromagnets 4830 are incommunication with the processor 4820.

As shown in FIG. 47, each helmet 4700, 4800 has a cavity 4702, 4802between external and internal walls 4702 a, 4702 b, 4802 a, 4802 b, andferromagnetic material 4705, 4805 (e.g., iron shavings) is located ineach cavity 4702, 4802.

The processors 4720, 4820 may constantly (or periodically) review datafrom the proximity sensors 4710, 4810 to determine if the helmets 4700,4800 are within a predetermined distance of each other, and morespecifically what parts of the helmets 4700, 4800 are nearest oneanother. Upon the processor 4720 determining that a particular part ofthe helmet 4700 is nearest to the helmet 4800, the processor 4720 mayactuate one or more of the electromagnets 4730 that is closest to thepotential impact location. This in turn may attract the ferromagneticmaterial 4705 to the potential impact location. Similarly, upon theprocessor 4820 determining that a particular part of the helmet 4800 isnearest to the helmet 4700, the processor 4820 may actuate one or moreof the electromagnets 4830 that is closest to the potential impactlocation—in turn attracting the ferromagnetic material 4805 to thepotential impact location.

Upon subsequent impact between the helmet 4700 and the helmet 4800, partof the impact force on the helmet 4700 may be absorbed and dissipated byovercoming the magnetic force acting on the ferromagnetic material 4705.Moreover, an impact plate 4707 in the cavity 4702 (e.g., biased from thewall 4702 a or the wall 4702 b, by a biasing member 4708, such as a flatspring, a helical spring, a magnetic spring, a liquid spring, or a gasspring) may receive and distribute force transferred by theferromagnetic material 4705. Similarly, upon subsequent impact betweenthe helmet 4800 and the helmet 4700, part of the impact force on thehelmet 4800 may be absorbed and dissipated by overcoming the magneticforce acting on the ferromagnetic material 4805. And an impact plate4807 in the cavity 4802 (e.g., biased from the wall 4802 a or the wall4802 b by a biasing member 4808, such as a flat spring, a helicalspring, a magnetic spring, a liquid spring, and a gas spring) mayreceive and distribute force transferred by the ferromagnetic material4805.

The helmets 4700, 4800 may further incorporate any of the otherforce-dispersing apparatus discussed above—for example as described withreference to FIGS. 24-27.

Many different arrangements of the various components depicted, as wellas components not shown, are possible without departing from the spiritand scope of the present invention. Embodiments of the present inventionhave been described with the intent to be illustrative rather thanrestrictive. Alternative embodiments will become apparent to thoseskilled in the art that do not depart from its scope. A skilled artisanmay develop alternative means of implementing the aforementionedimprovements without departing from the scope of the present invention.It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are ofutility and may be employed without reference to other features andsubcombinations and are contemplated within the scope of the claims.Various steps in described methods may be undertaken simultaneously orin other orders than specifically provided.

I claim:
 1. A system for mitigating an impact force, the systemcomprising: a device having a first layer, a second layer, and anintervening member; wherein the intervening member is suspended betweenthe first and second layers via a first biasing member; whereby: a firstportion of a force initially received by the first layer is transferredto the intervening member; a fraction of the force transferred to theintervening member is returned to the first layer, the fraction returnedto the first layer being less than the force received by the firstlayer; and a second portion of the force initially received by the firstlayer is partially transferred to the second layer, the second portionbeing less than the initial force received by the first layer; whereinthe second layer includes padding having an interior edge and anexterior edge, comprising: a supplemental biasing member, comprising:(a) a housing having a contact end with an aperture; (b) a contactmember disposed at least primarily inside the housing; and (c) a biasingmember biasing the contact member toward the housing aperture; whereinthe housing contact end is coupled to either the second layer interioredge or the second layer exterior edge; whereby sequentially; (i) thecontact member receives a subportion of the second portion of the forceinitially received by the first layer; (ii) the subportion istransferred from the second layer to the biasing member via the contactmember; and (iii) a part of the subportion is returned to the secondlayer, the part of the subportion being less than 100% of thesubportion.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first layer is incommunication with the second layer via at least one of: an alignmentmember, a strap, and a latching mechanism.
 3. The system of claim 2,wherein the alignment member is a telescoping rivet.
 4. The system ofclaim 3, wherein the telescoping rivet further includes a second biasingmember.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the second biasing member isselected from the group consisting of: a flat spring, a helical spring,a magnetic spring, a liquid spring, and a gas spring.
 6. A system formitigating an impact force, the system comprising: a device having afirst layer, a second layer, and an intervening member; a plurality oftransfer members, each transfer member being individually biased fromthe intervening member toward the first layer; wherein the interveningmember is suspended between the first and second layers via a firstbiasing member; whereby: a first portion of a force initially receivedby the first layer is transferred to the intervening member; a fractionof the force transferred to the intervening member is returned to thefirst layer, the fraction returned to the first layer being less thanthe force received by the first layer; and a second portion of the forceinitially received by the first layer is partially transferred to thesecond layer, the second portion being less than the initial forcereceived by the first layer; wherein a first portion of the forceinitially received by the first layer is transferred to the plurality oftransfer members, thereby moving at least one of the transfer members;and wherein the intervening members travel away from the first layerupon receiving at least a predetermined force from at least one of thetransfer members.
 7. A system for mitigating an impact force, the systemcomprising: a device having a first layer, a second layer, and anintervening member; at least one sensor that initiates an alert when theintervening member receives a predetermined amount of force; wherein theintervening member is suspended between the first and second layers viaa first biasing member; whereby: a first portion of a force initiallyreceived by the first layer is transferred to the intervening member; afraction of the force transferred to the intervening member is returnedto the first layer, the fraction returned to the first layer being lessthan the force received by the first layer; and a second portion of theforce initially received by the first layer is partially transferred tothe second layer, the second portion being less than the initial forcereceived by the first layer.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the firstlayer is selected from the group consisting of a helmet outside layer, asole of a shoe, an outside layer of a racquet handle, and a rifle stock.9. A system for mitigating an impact force, the system comprising: adevice having a first layer, a second layer, and an intervening member;wherein the intervening member is suspended between the first and secondlayers via a first biasing member; wherein the first layer is a helmetoutside layer; whereby: a first portion of a force initially received bythe first layer is transferred to the intervening member; a fraction ofthe force transferred to the intervening member is returned to the firstlayer, the fraction returned to the first layer being less than theforce received by the first layer; and a second portion of the forceinitially received by the first layer is partially transferred to thesecond layer, the second portion being less than the initial forcereceived by the first layer.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein thefirst biasing member is between the intervening member and the firstlayer.
 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the first biasing member isbetween the intervening member and the second layer.
 12. A system formitigating head injuries, comprising: a helmet having: a hard outerlayer; a padded inner layer; and an intervening layer suspended betweenthe outer layer and the inner layer via a first biasing member; whereinan alignment member secures the outer layer to the inner layer, thealignment member being telescopic and having a second biasing member;whereby: a first portion of a force initially received by the outerlayer is transferred to the intervening member; a fraction of the forcetransferred to the intervening member is returned to the outer layer,the fraction returned to the outer layer being less than the forcereceived by the outer layer; and a second portion of the force initiallyreceived by the outer layer is partially transferred to the inner layer,the second portion being less than the initial force received by theouter layer.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the first and secondbiasing members are selected from the group consisting of: a flatspring, a helical spring, a magnetic spring, a liquid spring, and a gasspring.
 14. The system of claim 13, further comprising a plurality oftransfer members, each transfer member being individually biased fromthe intervening member toward the outer layer, wherein: a portion of theforce initially received upon the outer layer is transferred to theplurality of transfer members thereby moving at least one of thetransfer members; and wherein the intervening member travels away fromthe outer layer upon receiving at least a predetermined force from atleast one of the transfer members.
 15. The system of claim 14, furthercomprising at least one sensor that initiates an alert when a force isreceived on the first or second layer.
 16. The system of claim 15,further comprising: a plurality of proximity sensors; a plurality ofelectromagnets; ferromagnetic material; wherein: the proximity sensorsand electromagnets are in data communication with a processor andnon-transitory computer memory; and the memory includes programming toeffectuate the steps of: (1) determining a potential impact location;and (2) actuating one or more electromagnets to attract theferromagnetic material to the potential impact location.
 17. The systemof claim 12, further comprising: a plurality of proximity sensors; aplurality of electromagnets; ferromagnetic material; wherein: theproximity sensors and electromagnets are in data communication with aprocessor and non-transitory computer memory; and the memory includesprogramming to effectuate the steps of: (1) determining a potentialimpact location; and (2) actuating one or more electromagnets to attractthe ferromagnetic material to the potential impact location.
 18. Asystem for mitigating an impact force, comprising: a first helmetcomprising: an outer layer; an inner layer; and an impact platesuspended between the outer layer and the inner layer via a firstbiasing member; a plurality of proximity sensors; a plurality ofelectromagnets; and ferromagnetic material; wherein: the proximitysensors and the electromagnets are in data communication with aprocessor and non-transitory computer memory; and the memory includesprogramming to effectuate the steps of: (1) determining the proximity ofthe first helmet to a second helmet; (2) determining a potential impactlocation of the first helmet with the second helmet; and (3) actuatingone or more of the electromagnets to attract the ferromagnetic materialto the potential impact location; whereby: a portion of an impact forcebetween the first and second helmets is dissipated by overcoming theelectromagnet attraction of the ferromagnetic material; and anotherportion of the impact force is transferred to the impact plate.